The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage & retrieval of information
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting memory
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills & experiences
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming processing information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
Memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know & "declare"
Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time & frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds & words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
MNEMONICS
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information